Computer Basis

INTRO

0. INTRO.
0.0. ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÎ×ÈÒÀÉÒÅ ÝÒÓ ÑÅÊÖÈÞ
0.1. ÖÅËÈ
1. ÓÐÎÂÍÈ ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈß ÐÀÁÎÒÛ ÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÀ
1.1. ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÂÅËÈ×ÈÍÛ È ÈÕ ÑÂßÇÜ ÄÐÓÃ Ñ ÄÐÓÃÎÌ

ÁÓËÅÂÀ ÀËÃÅÁÐÀ

2. ÁÓËÅÂÀ ÀËÃÅÁÐÀ: ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß
2.1. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ
2.2. ÀËÃÅÁÐÀ ËÎÃÈÊÈ ÍÀ ÏÀËÜÖÀÕ
2.3. ÀÊÑÈÎÌÛ ÀËÃÅÁÐÛ ËÎÃÈÊÈ
2.4. ÇÀÊÎÍÛ ÀËÃÅÁÐÛ ËÎÃÈÊÈ
2.5. ÍÎÐÌÀËÜÍÀß ÔÎÐÌÀ ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ
2.5.1. ÁÓËÅÂÑÊÈÉ ÄÈÔÔÅÐÅÍÖÈÀË
2.6. ÊÀÐÒÛ ÊÀÐÍÎ
2.6.1. ÎÏÒÈÌÈÇÀÖÈß ÌÅÒÎÄÎÌ ÊÓÈÍÀ-ÌÀÊÊËÀÑÊÈ
2.6.1.1. ËÎÃÈÊÀ ÐÈÄÀ-ÌÈËËÀÐÀ
2.6.2. ÂÛÂÎÄ ÇÀ ÏÐÅÄÅËÛ ÄÍÔ
2.7. ÁÀÇÈÑ
2.8. ÏÎËÈÍÎÌÀËÜÍÀß ÔÎÐÌÀ
2.8.1. ÐÀÇËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ
2.10. ÒÐÎÈ×ÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
2.11. ×ÅÒÂÅÐÈ×ÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
2.12. ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÎ ËÎÃÈÊ
2.13. ÆÅÍÑÊÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
2.14. ÄÈÀÃÐÀÌÌÛ ÂÅÍÍÀ
2.15. ÍÅÌÍÎÃÎ ÊÎÌÁÈÍÀÒÎÐÈÊÈ
2.16. ÔÎÐÌÀËÜÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
2.17. ÏÅÐÅÊËÞ×ÀÒÅËÜÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ

ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑÒËÅÍÈß

3. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.1. ÍÅÏÎÇÈÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.2. ÏÎÇÈÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.3. ÑÕÅÌÀ ÃÎÐÍÅÐÀ È ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß Â ÄÐÓÃÓÞ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÓ Ñ×ÈÑÒËÅÍÈß
3.3.1. ÄÐÎÁÍÛÅ ×ÈÑËÀ
3.4.1. ÄÂÎÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.4.2. ÏÐÎÑÒÀß ÒÐÎÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
3.4.3. ×ÅÒÂÅÐÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑÒËÅÍÈß
3.4.4. ÂÎÑÌÅÐÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑÒËÅÍÈß
3.4.5. ÄÅÑßÒÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑÒËÅÍÈß
3.3.6. ØÅÑÒÍÀÄÖÈÒÅÐÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑÒËÅÍÈß
3.4.7. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß Ñ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ 36
3.5. CÁÀËÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.5.1. ÑÁÀËÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÀß ÒÐÎÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
3.5.2. ÑÁÀËÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÀß ÏßÒÈÐÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.5.3. ÑÁÀËÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÀß ÄÅÂßÒÍÀÄÖÀÒÈÐÈ×ÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.5.4. ÈÇÁÛÒÎ×ÍÀß ÑÁÀËÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ 4
3.5.5. ÍÅÈÇÁÛÒÎ×ÍÀß ×ÀÑÒÈ×ÍÎ-ÑÁÀËÀÍÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ 4
3.6. CÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß Ñ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ -2
3.7. ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß Ñ ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑÍÛÌÈ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈßÌÈ
3.8. ÍÅÒÐÀÄÈÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ Ñ× (ÝÊÇÎÒÈÊÀ)
3.9. BCD
3.10.1. ÏÐÎÑÒÛÅ ÈÐÐÀÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÛÅ Ñ×
3.10.2 ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÁÅÐÃÌÀÍÀ
3.11. ÎÏÒÈÌÀËÜÍÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.12. ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÎÒÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ×ÈÑÅË Â C× Ñ ÍÀÒÓÐÀËÜÍÛÌ ÎÑÍÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ.
3.13. ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑÍÛÅ ×ÈÑËÀ
3.14. ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑÍÛÅ ×ÈÑËÀ
3.15. ÇÎËÎÒÎÅ ÑÅ×ÅÍÈÅ
3.16. ÍÅÌÍÎÃÎ ÎÁÙÅÉ ÀËÃÅÁÐÛ
3.16.1. ÊÂÀÄÐÀÒÍÛÅ ÌÀÒÐÈÖÛ
3.16.2. ÂÅÊÒÎÐÍÀß ÀËÃÅÁÐÀ
3.16.3. ÊÂÀÒÅÐÍÈÎÍÛ
3.16.4. ÍÅÌÍÎÃÎ ÒÅÎÐÈÈ ×ÈÑÅË
3.17.1. ÏÎËß ÃÀËÓÀ GF[p]
3.17.2. ÏÎËÈÍÎÌÀËÜÍÀß ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ
3.17.3. ÏÎËß ÃÀËÓÀ GF[p,k]
3.18. ÑÌÅØÀÍÍÛÅ ÎÑÒÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÊÎËÜÖÀ (RNS)
3.19. ÄÐÎÁÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
3.20. ÏÐÈÇÍÀÊÈ ÄÅËÈÌÎÑÒÈ

ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ Â ÖÈÔÐÎÂÓÞ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÈÊÓ È ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ

4. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ
4.1. ÝËÅÊÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÈÃÍÀËÛ
4.1.1. ÓÐÎÂÍÈ ÑÈÃÍÀËÎÂ
4.1.2. ÊÀÊ ×ÈÒÀÒÜ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÄÈÀÃÐÀÌÌÛ
4.1.3. ÓÐÎÂÍÈ ÑÈÃÍÀËÎÂ Â HDLs
4.2. ÏÀÑÑÈÂÍÛÅ ÝËÅÊÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÎÌÏÎÍÅÍÒÛ
4.3.1. ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ
4.3.2. ÄÈÎÄ
4.3.3. ÒÐÀÍÇÈÑÒÎÐ ÁÈÏÎËßÐÍÛÉ (BJT)
4.3.4. ÒÐÀÍÇÈÑÒÎÐ ÏÎËÅÂÎÉ (JFET)
4.3.5. MOSFET ÒÐÀÍÇÈÑÒÎÐ
4.3.6. ÏÎËßÐÍÎÑÒÜ ÒÐÀÍÇÈÑÒÎÐÎÂ
4.4. ÊÐÅÌÍÅÂÛÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ
4.4.1. ÝËÅÊÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ (NMOS)
4.4.2. ÝËÅÊÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ (CMOS)
4.4.2.1. ÒÎÏÎËÎÃÈß CMOS
4.4.2.2. ÑËÎÆÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ ÍÀ CMOS
4.4.2.3. ÇÀÏÈÐÀÞÙÈÉ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒ
4.4.2.4. BiCMOS ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß
4.4.2.5. ÄÈÍÀÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß CMOS ËÎÃÈÊÀ
4.4.2.6. ÁÎÐÜÁÀ ÇÀ ÏÎÍÈÆÅÍÍÎÅ ÝÍÅÐÃÎÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ Â IDLE ÐÅÆÈÌÅ
4.4.2.7. PTL (PASS-TRANSISTOR LOGIC)
4.4.2.8. ÐÅÀËÈÇÀÖÈß ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ
4.4.3. ÝÂÎËÞÖÈß
4.4.3.1. ÐÀÇÃÎÍ CMOS
4.4.3.2. ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ
4.4.4.1. ÇÀÙÈÒÀ ÂÕÎÄÎÂ È ÂÛÕÎÄÎÂ
4.4.4.2. ÎÒÊÐÛÒÛÅ ÑÒÎÊÈ È ØÈÍÛ
4.4.4.3. ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÝËÅÊÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ØÈÍÛ
4.4.5. ÝÌÈÒÅÐÍÎ-ÑÂßÇÀÍÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
4.4.5.1. ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐ ØÌÈÒÒÀ
4.4.5.2. ÝËÅÌÅÍÒ ÇÀÄÅÐÆÊÈ
4.4.6. I2L ËÎÃÈÊÀ (ÈÍÆÅÊÒÎÐÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ)
4.4.7. TTL ËÎÃÈÊÀ
4.5. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ ÍÀ HDL ßÇÛÊÀÕ
4.5.1. ÑÒÎÈÌÎÑÒÜ ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÎÂ
4.5.2. ÇÀÄÅÐÆÊÈ
4.5.3. ÐÀÇÂÅÒÂËÅÍÈß
4.5.4. ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈß
4.5.5. ÏÎÌÅÕÈ È ÏÎÒÅÐÈ
4.6. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ ÍÀ ÄÈÑÊÐÅÒÍÛÕ ÊÎÌÏÎÍÅÍÒÀÕ
4.7. ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÎÌ ÓÐÎÂÍÅ È SPICE
4.8. ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß ÈÇÃÎÒÎÂËÅÍÈß ÌÈÊÐÎÑÕÅÌ
4.9. ÏÅ×ÀÒÍÛÅ ÏËÀÒÛ

ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐÛ

5. ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐÛ
5.1. ÀÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÍÀß RS-ÇÀÙÅËÊÀ
5.2. RS-ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐ
5.3. JK-ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐ
5.4. D-ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐ
5.5. T-ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐ
5.6. ÃÅÍÅÐÀÖÈß ÈÌÏÓËÜÑÎÂ ÏÎ ÔÐÎÍÒÀÌ
5.7. ÄÂÓÕÑÒÓÏÅÍ×ÀÒÛÅ ÒÐÈÃÃÅÐÛ È ÇÀÙÅËÊÈ

ÔÓÍÊÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÎ-ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ

6. ÊÎÌÁÈÍÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÕÅÌÛ
6.0. ÎÁÙÈÅ ÌÅÒÎÄÛ ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈß ÊÎÌÁÈÍÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÕ ÑÕÅÌ
6.0.1. ÃËÈ×È
7. ÄÅØÈÔÐÀÒÎÐ
7.1. ÑÅÌÈÑÅÃÌÅÍÒÍÛÉ ÈÍÄÈÊÀÒÎÐ
7.2. ÏÐÈÎÐÈÒÅÒÍÛÉ ØÈÔÐÀÒÎÐ
7.3. ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÜ ÊÎÄÎÂ
8. ÌÓËÜÒÈÏËÅÊÑÎÐ
9. ÊÎÌÏÀÐÀÒÎÐ
10. ÌÀÆÎÐÈÒÀÐÍÛÉ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒ
10.1. ÏÎÐÎÃÎÂÛÉ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒ
11.1. ÏÎËÓÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ
11.2. ÏÎËÍÛÉ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ
11.3. ÊÀÑÊÀÄ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐÎÂ
11.4. ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ Ñ ÓÑÊÎÐÅÍÍÛÌ ÏÅÐÅÍÎÑÎÌ
11.5. ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐÛ Ñ ÁÛÑÒÐÛÌ ÐÀÑÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÈÅÌ ÏÅÐÅÍÎÑÀ
11.6. ÂÛ×ÈÒÀÍÈÅ
11.7. ÎÒÊÓÄÀ ÁÅÐÓÒÑß ÔËÀÃÈ?
11.8. ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ ÍÅÈÇÂÅÑÒÍÎÃÎ ÐÀÇÌÅÐÀ ÍÀ HDL
11.9. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ
11.10. BCD ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ
11.11. ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐ Ñ ÍÀÑÛÙÅÍÈÅÌ
11.12. ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐÛ/ÂÛ×ÈÒÀÒÅËÈ ÄËß ÄÐÓÃÈÕ (ÍÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ ÄÎ ÄÂÓÕ) ÑÕÅÌ
11.13. ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐÎ-ÏÎÄÎÁÍÛÕ ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐ ÄËß ÂÛÏÎËÍÅÍÈß ÏÐÎ×ÈÕ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÉ
11.14. ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÓÌÌÀÒÎÐÎÂ ÄËß RSN
12. ÑÄÂÈÃÎÂÛÉ ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐ
13. Ñ×ÅÒ×ÈÊÈ
13.1. ÎÁÐÀÒÍÀß ÑÂßÇÜ Â Ñ×ÅÒ×ÈÊÀÕ
13.2. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎ-ÏÀÐÀËÅËÜÍÛÉ ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐ È Ñ×ÅÒ×ÈÊÈ
14. ÓÌÍÎÆÈÒÅËÜ
14.1. ÑÅÌÅÉÑÒÂÎ ÌÅÒÎÄÎÂ ÁÓÒÀ
14.2. ÌÀÒÐÈ×ÍÛÅ ÓÌÍÎÆÈÒÅËÈ
14.3. ÄÐÅÂÎÂÈÄÍÛÅ ÓÌÍÎÆÈÒÅËÈ
14.4. ÓÌÍÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÁÅÇ ÑËÎÆÅÍÈß (NMM)
14.5. ÓÌÍÎÆÈÒÅËÈ: ÈÒÎÃÈ
15. ÄÅËÅÍÈÅ Â CPU
15.1. ÀÏÏÀÐÀÒÍÎÅ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÅÍÈÅ ÊÂÀÄÐÀÒÍÎÃÎ ÊÎÐÍß
16. ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜ ÎØÈÁÎÊ È ÊÎÐÐÅÊÒÈÐÓÞÙÈÅ ÊÎÄÛ
16.1. ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜ ×ÅÒÍÎÑÒÈ
16.1.1. ÊÎÄ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÅÍÈÅ
16.2. ÊÎÌÏÎÇÈÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÄÛ
16.3. ÊÎÄ ÕÝÌÌÈÍÃÀ
16.4. ÃÅÎÌÅÒÐÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÑÌÛÑË ÄÈÑÒÀÍÖÈÈ
16.4.1. ÃÐÀÍÈÖÀ ÕÝÌÌÈÍÃÀ
16.4.2. ÊÎÄ ÃÎËÅß
16.4.3. ÊÎÄÛ ÐÈÄÀ-ÌÈËËÀÐÀ
16.5. CRC (ÖÈÊËÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜÍÀß ÑÓÌÌÀ)
16.6. ÊÎÄÛ ÐÈÄÀ-ÑÎËÎÌÎÍÀ
16.7. ÊÎÄ ÁÅÐÃÅÐÀ
16.8. ÑÂÅÐÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÊÎÄÛ
16.9. ÒÓÐÁÎ ÊÎÄÛ
16.9.1. EVENODD ÊÎÄÛ
16.9.2. WEAVER ÊÎÄÛ
17. ÊÎÄ ÃÐÅß
18. ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÛ
19. ØÈÍÍÛÅ ÁÓÔÅÐÀ È ØÈÍÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÒÅËÈ
20.1. ÖÀÏ
20.2. ÀÖÏ
20.3. ÃÅÍÅÐÀÒÎÐÛ ÑÈÃÍÀËÎÂ
21. ÄÂÎÉÍÀß ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈß
22. ÄÅÒÅÐÌÈÍÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÍÅ×ÍÛÅ ÀÂÒÎÌÀÒÛ
24. CPLD È FPGA

ÏÀÌßÒÜ

25. ÏÀÌßÒÜ
25.0 SRAM (ÑÒÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÀÌßÒÜ)
25.1. ROM
25.2. PROM
25.3. EPROM È EEPROM
25.3.1. FLASH
25.3.2. FeRAM
25.4. DRAM
25.4.1. ÑÈÃÍÀËÛ DRAM
25.4.2. ÝÂÎËÞÖÈß DRAM

ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐ

30. ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐ (CPU)
30.1. ALU
30.1.1. ÐÅÀËÈÇÀÖÈß ALU ÍÀ VHDL.
30.2. ÔÀÉË ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂ
30.2.1. ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ ÔÀÉËÀ ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂ
30.3. CONTROL UNIT
30.3.1. ÂÛÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÈÏÈ×ÍÛÕ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÉ
30.3.1.1. ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐ ÔËÀÃÎÂ È ÓÑËÎÂÈß
30.3.1.2. DECODER
30.3.2. ADDRESS GENERATION UNIT
30.3.2.1. ÑÒÅÊ
30.3.3. ÏÐÅÐÛÂÀÍÈß
30.3.3.1. ÈÑÊËÞ×ÅÍÈß
30.3.4. ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ ÈÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÉ
30.3.5. ÑÎÇÄÀÅÌ ÑÂÎÉ ÍÀÁÎÐ ÈÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÉ
30.3.6. ÊÎÍÂÅÅÐÈÇÀÖÈß Â ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÅ
30.4. BUS INTERFACE UNIT
30.4.1. ÀÐÁÈÒÐÀÆ ØÈÍÛ
30.4.2. ÏÎÂÛØÅÍÈÅ ÁÛÑÒÐÎÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß ØÈÍÛ
30.4.3. ÍÅÂÛÐÎÂÍÅÍÍÎÅ ÎÁÐÀÙÅÍÈÅ Ê ÏÀÌßÒÈ
30.4.4. ÑÅÌÀÔÎÐÍÛÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ È ÁËÎÊÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ØÈÍÛ
30.4.5. ÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ ÍÀ ÏÐÅÐÛÂÀÍÈß
30.5. FLOATING POINT UNIT
30.5.1. FP UNIT CONTROL AND STATUS REGISTERS
30.6. MULTIMEDIA UNIT
30.6.1. ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß MULTIMEDIA UNIT

ÎÁÇÎÐ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ ÊÎÌÀÍÄ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÕ ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÎÂ

35. ÎÁÇÎÐ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÕ ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÎÂ
35.1.1. DEC ALPHA
35.1.2. MOTOROLA 68K
35.1.3. POWER PC
35.1.4. MIPS
35.1.5. SPARC
35.1.6. HP-PA
35.1.7. IA-32 (X86)
35.1.7.2. X86-64 (AMD64)
35.1.8. IA-64
35.1.9. ARM
35.2. ÍÀÁÎÐÛ ÊÎÌÀÍÄ
35.2.1 ÖÅËÎ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.1.1. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÎÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.1.2. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÎÌÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.1.3. ÑÄÂÈÃÈ È ÂÐÀÙÅÍÈß
35.2.1.4. ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÏÀÌßÒÜÞ
35.2.1.4.2. ÑÅÌÀÔÎÐÍÛÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ
35.2.1.5. ÏÅÐÅÑÛËÊÀ È ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
35.2.1.6. ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß È ÓÑËÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÛ
35.2.1.7. ÂÛÇÎÂ È ÂÎÇÂÐÀÒ ÈÇ ÏÎÄÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌ, ÁÅÇÓÑËÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÛ
35.2.1.8. ÓÑËÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÅÐÅÑÛËÊÈ È ÓÑÒÀÍÎÂÊÈ
35.2.1.9. ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ Ñ ÁÈÒÀÌÈ È ÁÈÒÎÂÛÌÈ ÑÒÐÎÊÀÌÈ
35.2.1.10 ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÑÎ ÑÒÅÊÎÌ
32.2.2.11. ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.2. FP ÊÎÌÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.3. ÖÅËÎ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÛÅ ÂÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.3.1. INTEGER VECTOR CODE ISA SUMMARY
35.2.4. FP ÂÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÅ ÊÎÌÌÀÍÄÛ
35.2.4.1. FLOATING POINT VECTOR SUMMARY
35.3. DETAILED INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY
35.3.1 INTEGER ARITHMETICAL INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.1.1. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON SPARC
35.3.1.2. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON ALPHA
35.3.1.3. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON HP-PA
35.3.1.4. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON MIPS
35.3.1.5. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON POWER PC
35.3.1.6. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON 68K
35.3.1.8. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON X86
35.3.1.9. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON IA64
35.3.1.10 INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.1.11. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON MCS51
35.3.2 INTEGER LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.2.1. INTEGER LOGICAL ON SPARC
35.3.2.2. INTEGER LOGICAL ON ALPHA
35.3.2.3. INTEGER LOGICAL ON HP-PA
35.3.2.4. INTEGER LOGICAL ON MIPS
35.3.2.5. INTEGER LOGICAL ON POWER PC
35.3.2.6. INTEGER LOGICAL ON 68K
35.3.2.8. INTEGER LOGICAL ON X86
35.3.2.9. INTEGER LOGICAL ON IA64
35.3.2.10 INTEGER LOGICAL ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.2.11. INTEGER LOGICAL ON MCS51
35.3.3 INTEGER SHIFT/ROTATES INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.3.1. INTEGER SHIFTS/ROTATES ON SPARC
35.3.3.2. INTEGER SHIFT/ROTATES ON ALPHA
35.3.3.3. INTEGER SHIFT/ROTATE ON HP-PA
35.3.3.4. INTEGER SHIFT/ROTATE ON MIPS
35.3.3.5. INTEGER SHIFTS/ROTATES ON POWER PC
35.3.3.6. INTEGER SHIFT/ROTATES ON 68K
35.3.3.8. INTEGER SHIFTS/ROTATES ON X86
35.3.3.9. INTEGER SHIFTS/ROTATES ON IA64
35.3.3.10 INTEGER SHIFTS/ROTATES ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.3.11. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON MCS51
35.3.4 INTEGER LOAD/STORE INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.4.1. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON SPARC
35.3.4.2. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON ALPHA
35.3.4.3. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON HP-PA
35.3.4.4. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON MIPS
35.3.4.5. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON POWER PC
35.3.4.6. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON 68K
35.3.4.8. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON X86
35.3.1.9. INTEGER ARITHMETICAL ON IA64
35.3.4.10 INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.4.11. INTEGER LOAD/STORE ON MCS51
35.3.5 INTEGER CONVERTIONS INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.5.1. INTEGER CONVERTIONS ON SPARC
35.3.5.2. INTEGER CONVERTIONS ON ALPHA
35.3.5.3. INTEGER CONVERSIONS ON HP-PA
35.3.5.4. INTEGER CONVERTIONS ON MIPS
35.3.5.5. INTEGER CONVERSIONS ON POWER PC
35.3.5.6. INTEGER CONVERSIONS ON 68K
35.3.5.8. INTEGER CONVERSIONS ON X86
35.3.5.9. INTEGER CONVERSIONS ON IA64
35.3.5.10 INTEGER CONVERSION ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.5.11. INTEGER CONVERSION ON MCS51
35.3.6. COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.6.1. INTEGER COMPARE AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON SPARC
35.3.6.2. INTEGER COMPARE AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON ALPHA
35.3.6.3. INDEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON HP-PA
35.3.6.4. INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON MIPS
35.3.6.5. INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON POWER PC
35.3.6.6. INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON 68K
35.3.6.8. INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON X86
35.3.6.9. INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON IA64
35.3.6.10 INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.6.11. INTEGER COMPARES AND CONDITIONAL JUMPS ON MCS51
35.3.7. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.7.1. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON SPARC
35.3.7.2. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON ALPHA
35.3.7.3. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON HP-PA
35.3.7.4. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON MIPS
35.3.7.5. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON POWER PC
35.3.7.6. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON 68K
35.3.7.8. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON X86
35.3.7.9. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON IA64
35.3.7.10 UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.7.11. UNCONDITIONAL JUMPS AND CALLS ON MCS51
35.3.8 INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.8.1. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON SPARC
35.3.8.2. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON ALPHA
35.3.8.3. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON HP-PA
35.3.8.4. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON MIPS
35.3.8.5. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON POWER PC
35.3.8.6. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON 68K
35.3.8.8. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON X86
35.3.8.9. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SET ON IA64
35.3.9.10 INTEGER CONDITINAL MOVES AND SETS ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.9.11. INTEGER CONDITIONAL MOVES AND SETS ON MCS51
35.3.9 INTEGER BITS AND BITSTRINGS INSTRUCTIONS
35.3.9.1. INTEGER BITS AND BITSTRINGS ON SPARC
35.3.9.2. INTEGER BITS AND BITSTRING ON ALPHA
35.3.9.3. INTEGER BIT AND BIT STRINGS ON HP-PA
35.3.9.4. INTEGER BITS AND BITS STRINGS ON MIPS
35.3.9.5. INTEGER BITS AND BITS STRINGS ON POWER PC
35.3.9.6. INTEGER BITS AND BIT STRINGS ON 68K
35.3.9.8. INTEGER BITS AND BITSTRING ON X86
35.3.9.9. INTEGER BITS AND BITSTRINGS ON IA64
35.3.9.10 INTEGER BITS AND BITS STRINGS ON JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
35.3.9.11. INTEGER BITS AND BITSTRINGS ON MCS51

ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ È ×ÈÑËÀ Ñ ÏËÀÂÀÞÙÅÉ È ÔÈÊÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÉ ÒÎ×ÊÎÉ

40. ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÕ ×ÈÑÅË
40.1. ×ÈÑËÀ Ñ ÏËÀÂÀÞÙÅÉ ÒÎ×ÊÎÉ
40.1.1. ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ Ñ ÏËÀÂÀÞÙÅÉ ÒÎ×ÊÎÉ
40.1.2. ÂÛ×ÈÑËÅÍÈÅ ÑËÎÆÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ
40.1.3. ÐÅÀËÜÍÛÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ
40.2. ×ÈÑËÎÂÀß ËÎÃÀÐÈÔÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
40.2.1. ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ Â NLS
40.2.2. ÏÐÅÌÓÙÅÑÒÂÀ NLS
40.3. LI È SLI ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
40.10. ËÎÃÀÐÈÔÌÛ
40.11. ÔÎÐÌÓËÀ ÒÅÉËÎÐÀ
40.12. ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß ÈÇ ÒÐÈÃÎÍÎÌÅÒÐÈÈ
41. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ
41.1. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ Ñ ÔÈÊÑÈÐÎÂÀÍÍÎÉ ÒÎ×ÊÎÉ
41.2. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ Ñ ÍÀÑÛØÅÍÈÅÌ
41.3. ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈÊÀ ÄÂÎÉÍÎÉ È ÌÍÎÃÎÊÐÀÒÍÎÉ ÒÎ×ÍÎÑÒÈ
41.4. ÑÎÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈß Â ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÎÌ ÊÎÄÅ
41.5. ÐÅÀËÈÇÀÖÈß ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ
41.6 ÓÌÍÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÊÎÍÑÒÀÍÒÓ
41.7 ÄÅËÅÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÊÎÍÑÒÀÍÒÓ

ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÎÐÎÂ È ÑÈÑÒÅÌ

50. ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ ÌÈÊÐÎÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÎÂ
50.1. ÔÎÍ ÍÅÉÌÀÍÎÂÑÊÀß È ÃÀÐÂÀÐÄÑÊÀß ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ
50.2. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÀß, ÏÀÐÀËËÅËÜÍÀß È ÊÎÍÂÅÅÐÍÀß ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ
50.2.1. ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ ÊÎÍÂÅÅÐÎÂ ÐÅÀËÜÍÛÕ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÎÂ
50.3. ÑÊÀËßÐÍÛÅ È ÂÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÅ ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÛ
50.3.1. ÌÀÒÐÈ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÛ
50.3.2. ÂÅÊÒÎÐÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐÛ (ÑÓÏÅÐÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÛ)
50.3.3. SOFTWARE PIPELINING
50.3.3. ÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß ÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
50.4. RISC È CISC ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÛ
50.5. OUT-OF-ORDER EXECUTION
50.6. HYPERTHREADING, MULTIPROCESSING è MULTICORE
50.7. CACHE
50.7.1. ÌÈÊÐÎÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÈ È ÊÝØÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÊÎÄÀ
50.8. ÏÐÅÄÂÛÁÎÐÊÀ
50.9. ÏÐÅÄÑÊÀÇÀÍÈÅ ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÎÂ
50.9.1. ÎÒËÎÆÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÛ
50.10. ÏÅÐÅÈÌÅÍÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂ È ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂÛÅ ÎÊÍÀ
50.11. ÀÄÐÅÑÍÎÅ ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÎ È ÂÈÐÒÓÀËÜÍÀß ÏÀÌßÒÜ
50.12.1. ÑÏÅÊÓËßÒÈÂÍÀß ÇÀÃÐÓÇÊÀ È ÄÐÓÃÈÅ ÕÈÒÐÎÑÒÈ Ñ ÏÀÌßÒÜÞ
50.13. ÇÀÙÈÒÀ
50.14. ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖÈÈ Â ENVIRONMENT
50.15. ÓÐÎÂÍÈ ÏÀÐÀËËÅËÈÇÌÀ
50.16. ÂÈÐÒÓÀËÈÇÀÖÈß
50.17. ÀÏÏÀÐÀÒÍÀß ÏÎÄÄÅÐÆÊÀ ÎÒËÀÄÊÈ
51. ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ ÂÂÎÄÀ-ÂÛÂÎÄÀ
51.1. ÃÈÏÅÐÊÓÁÛ

ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×È È ÕÐÀÍÅÍÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

55. ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×È È ÕÐÀÍÅÍÈß ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
55.0. ÀÍÀËÎÃ È ÖÈÔÐÀ
55.1. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÀß È ÏÀÐÀËÅËÜÍÀß ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×À/ÕÐÀÍÅÍÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
55.1.1.ÏÀÐÀËÅËÜÍÎ-ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÈ
55.2. ÏÎËÎÑÀ ÏÐÎÏÓÑÊÀÍÈß
55.2.1. ×ÒÎ ÒÀÊÎÅ ÄÓÏËÅÊÑ
55.3. ÐÀÇÂßÇÊÈ
55.3.0. ÄÈÔÔÅÐÅÍÖÈÀËÜÍÀß ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×À ÑÈÃÍÀËÎÂ
55.3.1. ÊÎÌÌÓÒÀÖÈß
55.3.2. ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÒÎÏÎËÎÃÈß
55.3.3. ÓÏËÎÒÍÅÍÈÅ ÑÈÃÍÀËÎÂ
55.3.4. ÑÐÅÄÛ ÎÁÙÅÃÎ ÄÎÑÒÓÏÀ
55.3.5. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÍÅÑÓÙÈÅ ÑÐÅÄÛ
55.3.5.1. ÂÎËÍÎÂÎÅ ÑÎÏÐÎÒÈÂËÅÍÈÅ ÊÀÁÅËß
55.3.5.2. POTS (PLAIN OLD TELEPHONE SERVICES) È DSL
55.4.1. ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈÈ
55.4.2. ÈÑÊÀÆÅÍÈÅ ÑÈÃÍÀËÎÂ: ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ
55.4.3. ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÊÀÍÀËÀ
55.5. ÊÎÄÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
55.5.1. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÊÎÄÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
55.5.2. ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÊÎÄÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
55.5.3. ÊÀÄÐÛ
55.6. ÌÎÄÓËßÖÈß
55.6.1. ÐÅÀËÈÇÀÖÈß ÌÎÄÓËßÒÎÐÎÂ È ÄÅÒÅÊÒÎÐÎÂ
55.7. ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×À ÀÍÀËÎÃÎÂÛÕ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ÏÎ ÖÈÔÐÎÂÛÌ ÊÀÍÀËÀÌ
55.8. ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×À ÀÍÀËÎÃÎÂÛÕ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ ÏÎ ÀÍÀËÎÃÎÂÛÌ ÊÀÍÀËÀÌ
55.9. ÑÅÒÈ
55.9.1. ÏÎÂÒÎÐÅÍÈÅ ÏÅÐÅÄÀ×È
55.9.2. ÒÈÏÛ ÑÅÒÅÉ
55.9.3. ÑÅÒÅÂÛÅ ÑÅÐÂÈÑÛ
55.9.3.1. ÐÀÇÐÅØÅÍÈÅ ÀÄÐÅÑÑÎÂ Â ËÎÊÀËÜÍÎÌ ÑÅÃÌÅÍÒÅ ÑÅÒÈ
55.9.1.2. ÑËÓÆÁÛ ÈÌÅÍ
55.9.3.2. ÒÈÏÛ ÀÄÐÅÑÑÎÂ
55.9.3.4. ÌÀÐØÐÓÒÈÇÀÖÈß
55.9.4. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÌÀÐØÐÓÒÈÇÀÒÎÐ ROUTER
55.9.5. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÊÎÌÌÓÒÀÒÎÐ (SWITCH)
55.9.6. QoS
55.9.7. ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ ÏÐÈÌÅÍßÅÌÛÅ Â ÑÅÒßÕ
55.10. ÕÐÀÍÅÍÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
55.10.0. RAID
55.10.1. ÌÀÃÍÈÒÍÛÅ ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÈ
55.10.1.1. ËÅÍÒÛ
55.10.2. ÎÏÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÈ
55.10.3. ÌÀÃÍÈÒÎ-ÎÏÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÈ
55.10.4. ÒÐÅÕÌÅÐÍÀß ÏÀÌßÒÜ
55.10.5. ÄÐÓÃÈÅ ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÈ
55.11. ÔÀÉËÎÂÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
55.11.1. ÊËÀÑÒÅÐÍÛÅ ÔÀÉËÎÂÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
55.11.1. ÄÈÑÊÎÂÛÅ ÐÀÇÄÅËÛ È ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÒÎÌÀÌÈ
55.50. ÃÐÀÔÛ
55.51. ÊÐÀÒ×ÀÉØÈÉ ÏÓÒÜ Â ÃÐÀÔÅ
55.52. ÌÈÍÈÌÀËÜÍÎÅ ÎÑÒÎÂÍÎÅ ÄÅÐÅÂÎ
55.53. ÌÀÊÑÈÌÀËÜÍÛÉ ÏÎÒÎÊ

ÂÍÅØÍÈÅ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ

56. ÂÍÅØÍÈÅ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ
56.0. ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ÐÅÃÈÑÒÐÎÂ HARDWARE
56.0.1. LED
56.1. ÊËÀÂÈÀÒÓÐÀ
56.2. ÂÈÄÅÎ ÂÛÂÎÄ
56.2.1. GPU
56.3. ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÂÂÎÄÀ
56.4. ÏÐÈÍÒÅÐ
56.5. ÑÊÀÍÅÐ
56.6. ÇÂÓÊÎÂÀß ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
56.7. ÏÀÐÀËËÅËÜÍÛÉ ÏÎÐÒ
56.8. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÏÎÐÒ
56.9. GAME ÏÎÐÒ
56.10. ÑÅÒÅÂÀß ÊÀÐÒÀ
57. ÀÍÀËÎÃÎÂÛÅ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
57.1. ÑÕÅÌÛ ÔÀÇÎÂÎÉ ÀÂÒÎÏÎÄÑÒÐÎÉÊÈ

ÑÕÅÌÎÒÅÕÍÈÊÀ PC

60. ÑÕÅÌÎÒÅÕÍÈÊÀ PC
60.1. ØÈÍÀ ISA
60.2. ØÈÍÀ PCI
60.3.1. DMA
60.3.2. PIC
60.3.3. PIT
60.3.4. RTC
60.3.5. FDC
60.3.6. USB
60.3.7. ÊÎÍÒÐÎËËÅÐ ÏÀÌßÒÈ

ÁÀÇÎÂÛÅ ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ

70. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÀËÃÎÐÈÒÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖÈÈ
70.0.1. ÏÀÐÀËÅËÜÍÛÅ ÊÎÍÑÒÐÓÊÖÈÈ
70.1. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
70.1.1. ÖÅËÛÅ ×ÈÑËÀ È ENDIAN
70.1.1.1. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ È ÂÛÐÀÂÍÈÂÀÍÈÅ
70.1.2. ÏÐÅÄÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÑÈÌÂÎËÎÂ
70.1.3. ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÈ
70.1.4. MACCÈÂÛ
70.1.5. ÑÒÐÎÊÈ
70.1.6. ÊÎËËÅÊÖÈÈ
70.1.7. ÃÅÍÅÐÀÖÈß ÑËÓ×ÀÉÍÛÕ È ÏÑÅÂÄÎÑËÓ×ÀÉÍÛÕ ×ÈÑÅË
70.2. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÀÐÀÄÈÃÌÛ

ÑÆÀÒÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ È ÊÎËÎÐÌÅÒÐÈß

71. ÑÆÀÒÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
71.1. ÒÅÎÐÈß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ
71.2. ÑËÎÂÀÐÍÎÅ ÑÆÀÒÈÅ
71.3. ×ÀÑÒÎÒÍÎÅ ÑÆÀÒÈÅ
71.3.1. ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ ÄËß ÑÆÀÒÈß
71.4. ÑÆÀÒÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Ñ ÏÎÒÅÐßÌÈ
71.4.1. ÑÏÅÊÒÐ È ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÔÓÐÜÅ
71.4.2. ÊÎËÎÐÌÅÒÐÈß
71.4.3. JPEG
71.4.4. MPEG
71.4.5. ÂÅÉÂËÅÒÛ
71.4.6. ÔÐÀÊÒÀËÜÍÎÅ ÑÆÀÒÈÅ
71.4.7. MP3 (MPEG1 LAYER 3)

ÊÐÈÏÒÎÃÐÀÔÈß

72. ÊÐÈÏÒÎÃÐÀÔÈß
72.2. ØÈÔÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ Ñ ÇÀÊÐÛÒÛÌ ÊËÞ×ÅÌ
72.3. ØÈÔÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ Ñ ÎÒÊÐÛÒÛÌ ÊËÞ×ÅÌ
72.4. ÀÓÒÅÍÒÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß
72.4.1. ÎÁÌÅÍ ÊËÞ×ÀÌÈ
72.4.2. ÀËÃÎÐÈÒÌ ÍÈÄÕÅÌÀ-ØÐÅÄÅÐÀ
72.4.3. KERBEROS
72.5. ÕÝØÈ È ÖÈÔÐÎÂÀß ÏÎÄÏÈÑÜ
72.5.1. ÖÈÔÐÎÂÎÉ ÊÎÍÂÅÐÒ
72.5.2. ÖÈÔÐÎÂÛÅ ÑÅÐÒÈÔÈÊÀÒÛ
72.6. ÄÎÂÅÐÅÍÍÎÅ ÁÐÎÑÀÍÈÅ ÌÎÍÅÒÛ
72.7. ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÀß ÊÐÈÏÒÎÃÐÀÔÈß
72.8. ÀËÃÎÐÈÒÌ ØÎÐÀ
72.9. ÀËÃÎÐÈÒÌ ÅÂÊËÈÄÀ
72.50. ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß ÈÇ ÒÅÎÐÈÈ ÂÅÐÎßÒÍÎÑÒÈ

ÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÍÀß ÃÐÀÔÈÊÀ

73. ÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÍÀß ÃÐÀÔÈÊÀ
73.1. ÄÂÓÌÅÐÍÀß ÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÍÀß ÃÐÀÔÈÊÀ
73.2. ÊËÅÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÀÂÒÎÌÀÒÛ
73.3. ÀÔÔÈÍÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß
73.4. ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
73.5. ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ËÈÍÅÉÍÎÉ ÀËÃÅÁÐÛ ÈÒÄ
73.6. ÈÃÐÀ ÆÈÇÍÜ

ÈÑÊÓÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÈÍÒÅËËÅÊÒ

75. ÏÎÄÕÎÄÛ Ê AI
75.1. ÎÁÓ×ÅÍÈÅ
75.2. ÍÅ×ÅÒÊÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
75.3. ÍÅÉÐÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÅÒÈ
75.4. ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÎ ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÉ
75.5. ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÀËÃÎÐÈÒÌÛ

ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÍÎÅ ÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈÅ

80. ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÍÎÅ ÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈÅ
80.1.1. BIOS
80.1.2. ÄÐÀÉÂÅÐÛ
80.1.2.1. STORAGE DRIVERS
80.1.2.2. FILESYSTEM DRIVERS
80.1.2.3. NETWORKS DRIVERS
80.1.3. ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
80.1.3.1. ÍÈÒÈ È ÌÍÎÃÎÇÀÄÀ×ÍÎÑÒÜ
80.1.3.1.1. REAL TIME SCHEDULING
80.1.3.2. ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÛ È ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÂÈÐÒÓÀËÜÍÎÉ ÏÀÌßÒÜÞ
80.1.3.3. ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÛ
80.1.3.4. IPC
80.1.3.5. ÊËÀÑÒÅÐÛ
80.1.3.6.1. ÔÀÉËÎÂÛÅ ÑÅÐÂÈÑÛ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ
80.1.3.6.2. ÑÅÒÅÂÛÅ ÑÐÅÄÑÒÂÀ ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ
80.1.3.7. API ÎÏÅÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌ
80.1.4. ÈÍÑÒÐÓÌÅÍÒÛ ÐÀÇÐÀÁÎÒÊÈ
80.1.4.1. ÊÎÌÏÈËßÒÎÐÛ
80.1.4.2. ÀÑÑÅÌÁËÅÐÛ
80.1.4.3. ËÈÍÊÅÐÛ
80.1.4.4. MAKE
80.1.4.5. ÊÎÍÒÐÎËÜ ÂÅÐÑÈÉ
80.2.1. ÁÀÇÛ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
80.3.1. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ BROWSER?
80.3.2. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÒÅÊÑÒÎÂÛÉ ÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ?
80.3.3. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÒÅÊÑÒÎÂÛÉ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÎÐ?
80.3.4. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÐÅÄÀÊÒÎÐ?
80.3.5. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÂÅÐÑÒÊÈ
80.3.6. ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ OCR?

ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ

81. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
81.1. ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ
81.2. ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÏÀÌßÒÈ
81.3. ÔÀÉËÎÂÀß È STORAGE ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
81.3.1. STORAGE ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ
81.3.1.1. ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÄÈÑÊÎÂÛÕ ÍÎÑÈÒÅËÅÉ
81.3.1.2. ÒÈÏÎÂÛÅ ÊÎÌÀÍÄÛ STORAGE DEVICES
81.3.1.3. ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ FEATURES ÍÀ ÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÍÀÄÎ ÎÁÐÀÒÈÒÜ ÎÑÎÁÎÅ ÂÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ
81.3.1.4. ÄÐÀÉÂÅÐÀ STORAGE CONTROLLERS
81.3.1.5. ÔÈËÜÒÐÛ STORAGE CONTROLLER ÄÐÀÉÂÅÐÎÂ
81.3.1.6. SCSILIZER
81.3.1.7. DISK SCHEDULING
81.3.1.8. ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÎÅ ÊÝØÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
81.3.1.8.1. MULTIPATH I/O
81.3.1.9. ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÄÈÑÊÀ
81.3.1.10. ÒÈÏÎÂÛÅ ÑÖÅÍÀÐÈÈ ÏÐÈ ÐÀÁÎÒÅ Ñ ÄÈÑÊÎÂÛÌÈ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀÌÈ
8.3.1.11. ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ÏÀÐÒÈÖÈÉ
8.3.1.12. ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ SOFTWARE RAIDs
8.3.1.13. ÓÐÎÂÅÍÜ ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÄÈÑÊÀ
8.3.1.14. ÔÈËÜÒÐÀÖÈß ÁËÎ×ÍÛÕ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂ
81.3.2.1. VFS LAYER
81.3.2.2. CACHE MANAGER
81.3.2.3. ÂÈÐÒÓÀËÜÍÎÅ ÊÝØÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ
81.3.2.3. FILESYSTEM FILTER DRIVERS
81.3.2.4. FILE SYSTEM DRIVERS (FSD)
81.3.3.1. ÊÎÐÍÅÂÀß È ÍÅÊÎÐÍÅÂÀß ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
81.3.3.2. ÒÎÌÀ ÔÀÉËÎÂÎÉ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
81.3.3.3. ÔÀÉËÛ
81.3.3.4. API ÐÀÁÎÒÛ Ñ ÔÀÉËÀÌÈ
81.3.3.5. ÊÎÍÖÅÏÒÓÀËÜÍÛÉ RTL ÐÀÁÎÒÛ Ñ ÔÀÉËÀÌÈ
81.3.3.6. ÄÈÐÅÊÒÎÐÈÈ
81.3.3.7. ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÏÓÒßÌÈ
81.4. ÑÅÒÅÂÀß ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ
81.4.1. ÎÁÙÀß ÀÐÕÈÒÅÊÒÓÐÀ ÑÅÒÅÂÎÉ ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ
81.4.1.0. ÑÅÒÅÂÀß ÊÀÐÒÀ ETHERNET
81.4.2. ÈÍÒÅÐÔÅÉÑÛ ÄÐÀÉÂÅÐΠÔÈÇÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂ
81.4.3. ÑÅÒÅÂÛÅ ÎÊÐÓÆÅÍÈß
81.4.3.1. ÁÛÑÒÐÛÉ FORWARDING ÍÀ ÓÐÎÂÍÅ NETWORK ENVIRONMENT
81.4.4. INTERMEDIATE DRIVERS
81.4.5. ÈÍÒÅÐÔÅÉÑÛ ÄÐÀÉÂÅÐÎÂ ÑÅÒÅÂÛÕ ÏÐÎÒÎÊÎËÎÂ
81.4.6. ÐÀÇÐÅØÅÍÈÅ ËÎÊÀËÜÍÛÕ ÀÄÐÅÑÑÎÂ
81.4.7. ROUTING
81.4.8. FILTER DRIVERS
81.4.9. SOCKET PROVIDER
81.4.10. ÐÀÇÐÅØÅÍÈÅ ÈÌÅÍ
81.4.11. ÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÒÅËÜÑÊÈÅ API ÄËß ÑÅÒÅÂÛÕ ÊÎÌÌÓÍÈÊÀÖÈÉ
81.4.12. ÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÒÅËÜÑÊÈÅ API ÄËß ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈß ÑÅÒÜÞ
81.4.13. ÑÅÒÅÂÛÅ ÑÅÐÂÈÑÛ
81.5. ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÏÎÒÎÊÀÌÈ È ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÀÌÈ
81.6. ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÊÎÍÑÎËÜÞ
81.7. ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ GUI
81.7.1. ÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÀÊÑÅËÅÐÀÖÈß
81.8. ÏÎÄÑÈÑÒÅÌÀ ÇÂÓÊÀ
81.9. ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÏÅÐÅÔÈÐÈÉÍÛÌÈ ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀÌÈ

ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈß

82. ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈß
82.1. ÏÐÈÌÈÒÈÂÛ ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈÈ
82.2. ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÛ ÑÈÍÕÐÎÍÈÇÀÖÈÈ

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

83. MIDDLEWARE
84. WEB ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ

ÏÐÎ×ÈÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ

99. ÄÐÓÃÈÅ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ
99.1. ÏÍÅÂÌÎÍÈÊÀ
99.2. ÐÅËÅÉÍÀß ËÎÃÈÊÀ
99.3. ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÛÅ ËÀÌÏÛ
99.3.1. ÏÀÌßÒÜ ÍÀ ÔÅÐÈÒÎÂÛÕ ÑÅÐÄÅ×ÍÈÊÀÕ
99.3.2. ÂÍÅØÍßß ÏÀÌßÒÜ ÍÀ ÌÀÃÍÈÒÍÛÕ ÁÀÐÀÁÀÍÀÕ
99.4. DL
99.5. RTL
99.6. DTL
99.8. ÐÅÀËÈÇÀÖÈß ÒÐÎÈ×ÍÎÉ ËÎÃÈÊÈ ÍÀ BJT
99.9. ÎÏÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
99.10. ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÛÅ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß
99.11. ËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ ÍÀ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÅ ÄÆÎÇÅÔÑÎÍÀ

OUTRO

100. TESTBENCH
100.1. ÃÅÍÅÐÀÖÈß CLK ÑÈÃÍÀËÀ
100.2. ÃÅÍÅÐÀÖÈß ÑÈÃÍÀËÀ RESET
100.3. TESTBENCH ÄËß ÐÅÀËÜÍÎÉ ÆÈÇÍÈ
200. ÇÀÄÀ×È È ÓÏÐÀÆÍÅÍÈß
200.1. ÇÀÄÀ×È Ê ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÞ (1.X)
200.2. ÇÀÄÀ×È Ê ÁÓËÅÂÎÉ ÀËÃÅÁÐÅ (2.X)
200.3. ÇÀÄÀ×È Ê ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÌ Ñ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß (3.X)
200.4. ÇÀÄÀ×È Ê ÏÐÎ×ÈÌ ÑÅÊÖÈßÌ
300. ÑÏÈÑÎÊ ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÛ
401. ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÀß ÎÁÙÀß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß
402. SOFTWARE
403. PHG
404. ÎÁ ÀÂÒÎÐÅ